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PESTEL Analysis in Strategic Management
PESTEL Analysis in Strategic Management: Understanding the Macro-Environment 1. IntroductionOrganisations operate within complex environments that shape their opportunities and risks. Strategic success depends not only on internal resources and competitive positioning but also on external forces beyond managerial control. PESTEL analysis is a widely used framework for examining the macro-environment in which organisations operate. It enables decision-makers to systematically assess Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors that influence strategic choices (Johnson et al., 2017). In an era of globalisation, digital transformation, climate change,...…
Corporate Governance in Strategic Management
1. IntroductionCorporate governance refers to the system by which organisations are directed, controlled, and held accountable. It defines the relationships between shareholders, boards of directors, managers, and other stakeholders, and establishes the rules and processes through which strategic decisions are made (Tricker, 2019). In modern business environments, corporate governance is not only a legal requirement but a strategic necessity. Historically, corporate governance emerged in response to the separation of ownership and control in large corporations. As firms grew, shareholders became distant from daily management, creating...…
The UK Innovator Founder “Innovation Visa” (2026)
The UK Innovator Founder “Innovation Visa” (2026): A Practical Academic Guide to Law, Endorsement, Company Setup, Compliance and Settlement Innovator Founder Caseworker Guidance (PDF – official) 1. Introduction: what people mean by “Innovation Visa” in the UKIn everyday speech, “Innovation Visa” usually refers to the UK’s Innovator Founder visa route (sometimes confused with the older “Innovator visa”, which this route replaced). It is designed for entrepreneurs who want to set up and run an innovative business in the UK, with the defining feature being that...…
Stakeholders and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Strategic Management
1. IntroductionModern organisations operate in an environment that is shaped not only by markets and competition but also by social expectations, ethical standards, and environmental responsibilities. Strategic management has therefore expanded beyond a narrow focus on profit maximisation to include the interests of a wide range of stakeholder groups and the organisation’s responsibility towards society. Two concepts that reflect this development are stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Stakeholders are individuals or groups that can affect or are affected by the achievement of an...…
Strategic Levels in Strategic Management: Corporate, Business and Functional Strategy
Strategic levels provide a structured framework for understanding how strategy is formulated and implemented within organisations. This article examines the three primary levels of strategy: corporate strategy, business strategy, and functional strategy, and analyses their roles in achieving organisational coherence and competitive advantage. Corporate strategy defines the overall direction and scope of the organisation, determining in which markets and industries it will operate and how resources are allocated across business units. It addresses long-term growth, diversification, governance, and stakeholder relationships. Business-level strategy focuses on competitive...…